Sayenzi Yakakurumbira - Graphite

Kare kuma1930, mugodhi weLi Mao graphite muJixi, Heilongjiang Province, uye mugodhi weShanshui stone graphite muPurovhinzi yeShandong zvakatanga kugadzirwa nekugadziriswa kwegraphite. Panguva iyoyo, nzira yekubatsira yakanga iri nyore, mamiriro ekushanda evashandi akanga asina kunaka, uye kugadzirwa kwacho kwaiva kwakaderera zvikuru, negoho regore rezviuru zvematani chete. Mushure memakumi emakumi emakore ebudiriro, kuburitsa kwegraphite uye kabhoni zvigadzirwa muChina kwakakwira nekukurumidza. Kubva 2004 kusvika 2011, chiyero chekukura kwegore re graphite uye kabhoni chigadzirwa chakabuda chaive 22.12%. Muna 2011, zvigadzirwa zvegraphite nekabhoni kuChina zvakabuda matani 2556.17 miriyoni, negore-pa-gore rakawedzera ne21.98%.

Graphite uye kabhoni zvigadzirwa zvine zvakanakisa zvivakwa uye zviri kuwedzera kushandiswa zvakanyanya. Kugona kwavo kugadzira uye mabhenefiti ehupfumi ari kuratidza kukurumidza kukura maitiro. Muna 2011, kusimudzira kweChina graphite uye kabhoni zvigadzirwa indasitiri kwakakurumidza. Iwo mabhizinesi mukati meindastiri aive nehunyanzvi hwekugona kubata nekudzora mitengo uye aive nesimba rakasimba. Zvinoenderana nedata kubva kuNational Bureau of Statistics, muna 2011, kukosha kwemaindasitiri ekubuda kweiyo China graphite uye kabhoni zvigadzirwa indasitiri yakasvika 167.564 bhiriyoni yuan; mari yekutengesa yaive 167.765 bhiriyoni yuan, ichiwedzera ne40.58%; purofiti yese yaive 10.959 bhiriyoni yeyuan, ichiwedzera ne50.87%. Nekuwedzera kuri kuita maapplication, kukwikwidza muindasitiri yeChina graphite uye kabhoni zvigadzirwa zvave kuwedzera kutyisa.

Kune huwandu hukuru hwemabhizinesi ari kuita graphite uye kabhoni zvigadzirwa mukati mechiyero chekugadzirwa muChina, uye nhanho yekusungwa yakadzikira. Pakupera kwa2011, pakanga paine 871 mabhizinesi pasi pechiyero chekugadzirwa muChina graphite uye kabhoni zvigadzirwa indasitiri. Mari yese yekutengesa yemabhizimusi gumi epamusoro yakaverengera chete 13.46% yeindasitiri yese. Kubva pakuona kwemaitiro ebudiriro uye mamiriro emakwikwi emusika wepasi rose wegraphite uye kabhoni zvigadzirwa, mune ramangwana, iyo graphite uye kabhoni zvigadzirwa indasitiri muChina zvishoma nezvishoma ichaiswa mumapoka makuru, uye huwandu hwekusungwa hweindasitiri iyi huchawedzera kuwedzera.

Nekukurumidza kusimukira kwemaindasitiri akadai sesimbi, makemikari engineering, michina, midziyo yekurapa, simba renyukireya, mota, aerospace, nezvimwewo muChina, kudiwa kwegraphite nekabhoni zvigadzirwa mumaindasitiri aya kucharamba kuchiwedzera, uye iyo Chinese graphite uye kabhoni zvigadzirwa indasitiri icharamba ichikura nekukurumidza. Kubva 2006 kusvika 2011, kuwedzera kwepagore kwekukura kwemari yekutengesa muChina graphite uye kabhoni zvigadzirwa indasitiri yaive 36.56%.

Kubva pashoko rechiGiriki rokuti "graphein", rinoreva "kushandiswa kunyora". Yakatumidzwa neGerman chemist uye mineralogist AG Werner muna 1789.

Kabhoni chinhu chakajairika chiripo mumarudzi akasiyana-siyana mumhepo uye pasi penyika. Carbon mune yayo yekutanga fomu yakazivikanwa uye yakashandiswa nevanhu kwenguva yakareba. Mutsara wemakomboni ecarbon - organic substances - ndiwo hwaro hwehupenyu. Carbon chimwe chezvikamu zvenguruve iron, simbi yakagadzirwa nesimbi. Carbon inogona kusanganiswa nekemikari pachayo kugadzira huwandu hukuru hwemakomponi, ari mamorekuru akakosha mubiology uye kutengeserana. Mamorekuru mazhinji muzvinhu zvipenyu ane kabhoni.

Kuvapo Form

Carbon iripo mumhando dzakasiyana siyana, kusanganisira crystalline elemental kabhoni sedhaimondi uye graphite; amorphous carbon semarasha; organic compounds yakaoma semhuka nemiti; uye carbonates semarble. Iyo yemuviri uye yemakemikari zvimiro zve elemental kabhoni zvinoenderana neiyo crystal chimiro. Dhaimondi, iro rakaomarara zvakanyanya, uye graphite, iyo yakapfava uye inotsvedza, ine akasiyana makristasi zvimiro uye nekudaro kutaridzika kwakasiyana, densities, kunyungudika, nezvimwe.

Property Characteristics

Patembiricha yemumba, iwo makemikari zvimiro zve elemental kabhoni zvakadzikama uye hainyungudika mumvura, dilute acids, dilute base, kana organic solvents. Pakupisa kwepamusoro, inopindirana neokisijeni kupisa, ichigadzira carbon dioxide kana carbon monoxide. Chete haidrojeni inogona kuita zvakananga ne elemental kabhoni mune halogens. Pasi pemamiriro ekudziya, elemental kabhoni iri nyore kuve oxidized neasidhi; pakupisa kwepamusoro, kabhoni inogonawo kuita nesimbi dzakawanda kugadzira simbi carbides. Carbon inodzikiswa uye inogona kushandiswa kunyungudutsa simbi pakupisa kwakanyanya. Pamusoro pezvo, graphite inogona kunyungudutswa nechlorosulfonic acid, ichigadzira chlorosulfonic acid "solution" yeimwe-layer graphene.
Graphite icrystalline mineral ye carbonaceous elements. Yayo crystalline framework is hexagonal layered structure. Nhambwe iri pakati pechikamu chimwe nechimwe i340 pm, uye nzvimbo iri pakati pekabhoni maatomu muchikamu chimwe chete i142 pm. . Ndeyehexagonal crystal system uye ine yakazara layered cleavage. Iyo cleavage ndege dzinonyanya kuumbwa nemamolecular bond uye dzine hutete hwema molecular kukwezva, nekudaro kutenderera kwayo kwechisikigo kwakanaka kwazvo.

Nekuda kwechimiro chayo chakasiyana, graphite ine zvinotevera zvakakosha zvivakwa:

1) Kupisa kupisa: Nzvimbo yakanyunguduka yegraphite i3850 ± 50 dhigirii, uye nzvimbo yayo yekubikira i4250 degree. Kunyangwe mushure mekupiswa neultra{{5}yepamusoro tembiricha yemagetsi arcs, kuderera kwehuremu kudiki kwazvo, uye kuwedzera kwemafuta kuderera zvakare. Simba re graphite rinowedzera nekuwedzera kwekushisa. Pa2000 dhigirii, simba regraphite rinopetwa kaviri.

2) Electrical and thermal conductivity: Mafambisirwo emagetsi egraphite anokwirisa zvakapetwa ka100 pane zviya zvisiri zve-metallic minerals. Thermal conductivity yayo inodarika iyo yesimbi yakaita sesimbi, iron, uye lead. Thermal conductivity inodzikira sezvo tembiricha inokwira, uye kunyangwe pakupisa kwakanyanya, graphite inova insulator. Graphite inogona kuitisa magetsi nekuti imwe neimwe kabhoni atomu mugraphite inongoumba matatu covalent mabhondi nemamwe maatomu ekabhoni, uye atomu imwe neimwe kabhoni ichiri kuchengeta erekitironi imwe yemahara kuendesa chaji yemagetsi.

3) Lubricity: Nzvimbo yekuzora yegraphite zvinoenderana nehukuru hwemagraphite flakes. Iyo yakakura maflakes, inodzika iyo friction coefficient uye zvirinani kuita kwekuzora.

4) Kugadzikana kwemakemikari: Graphite inoratidza kugadzikana kwekemikari yakanakisa pane tembiricha yekamuri uye inogona kuramba ngura kubva kuasidhi, alkali, uye organic zvinonyungudutsa.

5) Plasticity: Graphite ine kusimba kwakanaka uye inogona kukuyiwa kuita mapepa akatetepa kwazvo.
6) Thermal shock resistance: Kana ichishandiswa pakamuri tembiricha, graphite inogona kumira zvakanyanya kushanduka kwekushisa pasina kukuvara. Munguva yekuchinja kwekushisa, vhoriyamu shanduko yegraphite ishoma uye hapana kuputika kuchaumba.

Kunyungudika kwegraphite
Nzvimbo yakanyunguduka yedhaimani i3823K, nepo iyo yegraphite iri 3925K. Nzvimbo yakanyunguduka yegraphite yakakwirira kudarika yedhaimondi.
Kufananidza kunyunguduka kwegraphite nedhaimani hakugone kungotariswa kubva pachikamu chesimba rebhondi. Kana nhamba yezvisungo zvakaputsika panguva yekunyunguduka isingateereri, data yakawanikwa haizovimbiki.

Allotropic mafomu
Graphite, dhaimani, kabhoni 60, kabhoni nanotubes, graphene, nezvimwe zvese zviri elemental mafomu eiyo kabhoni element. Iwo ese isomers echinhu chimwe chete.

Origin and Distribution
Kugadzira uye Kuitika: Graphite inoumbwa pasi pekushisa kwakanyanya. Rudzi rwakaparadzirwa zvakanyanya ndeye metamorphic deposit ye ​​graphite, iyo inoumbwa nedunhu metamorphism yematombo e sedimentary akapfuma mune organic zvinhu kana carbonaceous zvinhu.
Nzvimbo Dzakakurumbira dzekugadzira: Ticonderoga, New York, Madagascar neCeylon.

Iyo tekinoroji zvimiro zvegraphite zvinonyanya kutsamira pane yayo crystalline fomu. Graphite zvicherwa zvine akasiyana crystalline mafomu ane akasiyana maindasitiri maitiro uye mashandisirwo. Muindasitiri, zvichibva pamhando dzakasiyana dzecrystalline, graphite inoiswa muzvikamu zvitatu.

Delanium graphite

Mukutaura, zvese zvinyorwa zvegraphite zvakawanikwa kuburikidza neorganic carbonization zvichiteverwa nepamusoro-tembiricha yekurapwa kwegraphitization inogona kunzi artificial graphite, senge carbon fibers, pyrolytic carbon, uye foamed graphite, zvichingodaro. Nepo mune nhete pfungwa, artificial graphite kazhinji inoreva blocky solid solid material inogadzirwa nekabhoni yakaderera} asphalt sebhainda, uye kuburikidza nemaitiro akadai sebatching, kusanganisa, kuumba, carbonization, uye graphitization. Mienzaniso inosanganisira graphite electrodes uye isostatic pressing graphite.

Artificial graphite inogona kazhinji kuiswa mumhando ina dzekuumba nzira: vibration molding, extrusion molding, compression molding, uye isostatic yekutsikirira molding.

Crystalline Flake Graphite

Iwo makristasi egraphite ari muchimiro cheflakes; ivo vanoumbwa kuburikidza nemetamorphism pasi pekumanikidzwa kukuru, uye kune mazhenje makuru uye maduku maduku. Hunhu hwerudzi urwu rwe graphite ore ndehwekuti giredhi rayo harina kukwirira, kazhinji kubva pa2% kusvika pa3%, kana pakati pe10% ne25%. Ndechimwe chezvicherwa zvinotakurika zvakanaka muzvisikwa, uye kuburikidza nekukuya nekusarudzwa kwakawanda, -giredhi regiredhi repamusoro rinogona kuwanikwa. Iyo yekuyangarara, lubricity, uye mapurasitiki emhando iyi yegraphite yakakwirira kupfuura yemamwe marudzi egraphite; saka, kukosha kwayo kwemaindasitiri ndiko kukurusa.
Gphanitic Graphite

Cryptocrystalline graphite inozivikanwawo se microcrystalline graphite kana earthy graphite. Madhayamita ekristaro emhando iyi yegraphite anowanzo asingasviki 1 micrometer, uye iyo chaiyo nzvimbo inotangira kubva 1 kusvika 5 m2 / g. Iko kuunganidzwa kwemicrocrystalline graphite uye inogona kungoonekwa muchimiro chekristasi pasi pe electron microscope. Mamiriro emhando iyi yegraphite ndeokuti pamusoro payo ivhu, haina kupenya, uye ine zvishoma zvishoma lubricity pane flake graphite. Giredhi rakati wedzerei. Kazhinji 60-85%. Vashoma vanogona kusvika pamusoro pe90%. Iyo inonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri yezvivakwa.

Graphite inoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri uye inoshandiswa munharaunda yese. Rudzi runonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri ndeye artificial graphite, inozivikanwawo seyakakosha graphite. Zvichienderana nemagadzirirwo ayo, inogona kuiswa mumhando dzinotevera.

1. Isostatic pressure graphite. Izvi ndizvo zvinodaidzwa nevanhu vazhinji kuti "three-high graphite", asi hazvireve hazvo kuti iri isostatic pressure nekuti "yakareba-pamusoro".
2. Yakaumbwa graphite
3. Yakawedzerwa graphite, inonyanya kushandiswa se electrode zvinhu.
Pakati pawo, zvichienderana nekukura kwegirafu, inogona zvakare kukamurwa kuita: yakadzama chimiro graphite, yepakati-yakakora graphite (ine chidimbu chehukuru hunosvika 0.8mm), uye electrode graphite (2-4mm).

Mune makristasi egraphite, maatomu ekabhoni ari muchikamu chimwe chete anoumba covalent zvisungo kuburikidza nesp2 hybridization. Imwe neimwe kabhoni atomu yakabatana kune mamwe matatu maatomu kuburikidza neatatu covalent zvisungo. Iwo maatomu ecarbon matanhatu anoumba mhete yenguva dzose ine hexagonal pandege imwe chete, ichitambanuka kuita dhizaini. Kureba kwemabhondi eC-C mabhondi ose ari 142 pm, ayo anowira mukati mehurefu hwebhondi hwemaatomu makristasi. Nokudaro, nokuda kwechikamu chimwe chete, ikristaro yeatomu. Pandege imwe chete, atomu yekabhoni imwe neimwe ichine imwe p orbital yasara, uye inopindirana. Maerekitironi akasununguka, akaenzana nemaerekitironi emahara musimbi, saka graphite inogona kuitisa kupisa uye magetsi, inova hunhu hwemakristasi esimbi. Naizvozvo, zvakare ndeye chikamu chesimbi makristasi.

Iwo akaturikidzana mune graphite crystal akaparadzaniswa ne340 pm, iri chinhambwe chakakura. Iwo anobatwa pamwe chete nemauto evan der Waals, zvichireva kuti ndeemukristaro wemolecular. Nekudaro, nekuda kwekubatana kwakasimba pakati pekabhoni maatomu pane imwechete plane layer, zvakanyanya kuoma kuapwanya, saka kunyungudika kwegraphite kwakakwirawo uye makemikari ayo akagadzikana.
Tichifunga nezve yakasarudzika nzira yekubatanidza, haigone kungoiswa seatomu crystal kana molecular crystal. Mukutaura kwemazuva ano, inofungidzirwa sekristaro yakasanganiswa.

Crystal maitiro

Crystal system uye nzvimbo yeboka: Hexagonal crystal system, P63/mc
Sero paramita: a0=0.246 nm, c0=0.670 nm
Chimiro chakaturikidzana, maatomu ekabhoni akarongwa muzvikamu, kabhoni yega yega yakabatana nekabhoni iri padyo pamadaro akaenzana, makabhoni muchikamu chimwe nechimwe akarongwa mune hexagonal mhete pateni, mhete dzekabhoni dzine hexagonal muzvikamu zviri padhuze dzinotamiswa munzira inoenderana nendege isati yaiswa pamusoro kuti igadzire iyo yakaturikidzana chimiro. Mhando dzakasiyana dzemapolymorphs dzinokonzerwa nemaitiro akasiyana uye madaro ekutamiswa. Nhambwe iri pakati pemaatomu ecarbon muzvikamu zvepamusoro nepamusoro zvakakurisa kudarika iri pakati pemakabhoni ari mukati mechikamu chimwe chete (iyo C-C chinhambwe mukati mechikamu=0.142 nm, C-C chinhambwe pakati pezvikamu=0.340 nm)
Chimiro: Makristasi mamwechete anowanzo kuve mushizha{{0}sezvakaita kana ndiro{1}}sefomu, asi akazara haawanzoonekwa. Aggregates anowanzo kuita chikero{{3}se, block-like uye ivhu-sechimiro.
Ruvara: Iron nhema

Mutsetse: Mutema wakajeka
Kujeka: Hazvisi-zviri pachena
Luster: Semi-metallic luster
Kuoma: 1-2
Diaphaneity uye kutyoka: Parallel cleavage yakazara zvakanyanya
Chaiyo giravhiti: 2.21 - 2.26 g/cm³
Nzvimbo chaiyo: 5 - 10 m²/g
Zvimwe zvinhu: Pepa rakatetepa rinochinjika, rinonzwa kutsvedza, rinoda kusvibisa maoko, uye rine magetsi ekufambisa zvakanaka.
Chiziviso hunhu: Iron nhema ruvara, kuomarara kwakaderera, boka remakororo akazara, kutsvedza uye kusvibisa maoko; kana zinc particles yakanyoroveswa necopper sulfate solution ikaiswa pagraphite, mavara emhangura anogona kunaya, asi hapana kuita kwakadaro kunoitika pagraphite-se molybdenite.

Apo vanhu vanofunga nezvemadhaimani, vanobva vaabatanidza nemifananidzo inonwisa mvura uye inopenya, iyo inopenya zvakajeka sezvaanofamba. Nekudaro, nekuda kwemutengo wavo wakakwira, vanhu vazhinji vanodziviswa kuzviwana. Madhaimondi echisikigo anonzi "madhaimondi" chete mushure mekunatswa kubva kumadhaimondi. Madhaimondi echisikigo haawanzowanikwi. Munyika mune madhaimondi maviri chete anorema kudarika 1000 carats (1 gram=5 carats), uye kunongova nemadhaimondi mashoma anorema 400 carats. Dhaimondi guru rakawanikwa muChina kusvika zvino rinorema 158.786 carats uye inonzi "Changlin Diamond". Sekutaura kunoita chirevo, "kushaikwa kunoita chimwe chinhu chakakosha". Nekuti madhaimondi echisikigo anogona kushandiswa se "madhaimani" haawanzo kuwanikwa, vanhu vanoda kuatsiva ne "artificial" madhaimondi. Izvi zvinotungamira kune pfungwa ye "mapatya" edhaimondi - graphite.

Kemikari yezvese madhaimani uye graphite kabhoni (C), uye ivo vanonzi "allotropic mafomu" echinhu chimwe chete. Kubva paizwi iri, zvinogona kunzwisiswa kuti vane "chimiro" chakafanana, asi "chimiro" chavo kana "maitiro" avo akasiyana uye akasiyana. Dhaimondi parizvino ndiro chinhu chakaomesesa, nepo graphite chiri chimwe chezvinhu zvakapfava.

Musiyano wekuomarara pakati pegraphite nedhaimani wakanyanya, asi vanhu vachiri kutarisira kuwana dhaimondi kuburikidza nemitoo yekugadzira nekuti graphite (carbon) inowanikwa zvakanyanya muzvisikwa. Nekudaro, kushandura kabhoni mugraphite kuita kabhoni kuronga patani yedhaimondi harisi basa riri nyore. Pasi pe5-60,000 atmospheres of pressure ((5-6) × 10³ MPa) uye tembiricha dzinobva pa1000 kusvika 2000 madhigirii celsius, nekushandiswa kwesimbi dzinoita sesimbi, cobalt, uye nickel, graphite inogona kushandurwa kuita diamond powder.

Nyika dzinopfuura gumi nembiri pasi rose dzakabudirira kugadzira madhaimani. Zvisinei, rudzi urwu rwedhaimondi rune zvimedu zvakanyanyonaka uye kushandiswa kwayo kukuru kwakafanana nekukuya, inoshandiswa kucheka uye mukuchera matsime e geological uye petroleum. Parizvino, mukushandiswa kwemadhaimani pasi rose, 80% yemadhaimondi ekugadzira anonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri, uye kugadzirwa kwayo kunodarika kugadzirwa kwemadhaimondi chaiwo.

Madhaimondi akagadzirwa pekutanga aive matema, 0.5mm muhukuru, uye huremu hunosvika 0.1 carat (hudiki hwesaizi yegem-yemhando yemadhaimondi kazhinji haisi pasi pe0.1 carat). Nyika dzakaita seUnited States neJapan dzakatogadzira zvidimbu zvedhaimondi zvinosvika 6.1 carats. Tinogona kutaura kuti madhaimani "akabhururuka" kunze kwegraphite. Gem-mhando yemadhaimondi ekugadzirwa achawanikwawo pamusika munguva pfupi iri kutevera.

Kucheneswa kwegirafu: Pane nzira mbiri: kuchenesa makemikari uye kucheneswa kwemuviri.

1.Kucheneswa kwemakemikari kunotora mukana wezvimiro zve graphite inoshingirira kune acid, alkalis uye ngura. Zvinosanganisira kurapa graphite concentrate nemaacids uye alkalis kunyungudutsa tsvina, iyo inozosukwa kuti iwedzere giredhi reiyo concentrate. Kucheneswa kwemakemikari kunogona kupa goho repamusoro{{2}kabhoni graphite ine giredhi re99%. Pane nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuchenesa makemikari, pakati peidzi inonyanya kushandiswa ndeyepamusoro-tembiricha yekubatanidza nzira ine sodium hydroxide.

Chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti pasi pe-tembiricha yakakwira kupfuura 500℃, tsvina iri mugraphite (kunyanya silicate minerals) inobatana necaustic soda, kureva, NaOH, kugadzira mvura-soluble reaction products. Nekuregedza zvigadzirwa nemvura, kumwe kusvibiswa kunogona kubviswa. Kune dzimwe tsvina, dzakaita sema iron oxides, mushure mekusanganiswa kwealkali, anodzorwa neHCl kuita mvura-inonyungudika ferric chloride, inogona kubviswa nekugeza nemvura.

Muchikamu chepamusoro chinoyerera, huwandu hweNaOH hunenge 50%, uye inosanganiswa negraphite muchiyero che1: 0.8. Kureva kuti, patani imwe yega yega{{4}kabhoni graphite inogadzirwa, ingangoita matani 0.4 eNaOH anopedzwa. Huwandu hwekuwedzera hweHCl hunosvika 30% yegraphite. Mafuta anoshandiswa marasha, anenge 0.6 kusvika 0.7 tons. Midziyo inoshandiswa nenzira yealkali fusion inonyanya kusanganisira anchor-type agitators, melt furnaces, spiral paddle agitators, V-matangi ekugezesa akaumbwa, nezvimwewo. Mari yekudzorera i85-90%, uye mari i15-200,000 yuan. Kunyangwe maitiro aya ari epamusoro-soro, anewo zvimwe zvinokanganisa senge kunyanyisa kunwiwa kwemvura, kurasikirwa kwakanyanya kwegraphite, kuderera kwehuwandu hwekugadzira, yakanyanya alkali kushandiswa, uye tsvina inoraswa inosvibisa nharaunda.

2.Kucheneswa kwepamuviri, kunozivikanwawo sekuchenesa-kupisa kwepamusoro, kunoshandisa-kupikisisa kwemhando yepamusoro kwegraphite. Inoisa graphite muchoto chemagetsi, inoitsaura kubva kumhepo, uye inopisa kusvika ku 2500 dhigirii kuti ibvumire kusvibiswa (kureva, zvakasara) kuti zvibude, zvichiita kuti giredhi resimbi yakanatswa. Kuburikidza ne-kucheneswa kwehutembiricha,-kuchena graphite ine giredhi re99.9% inogona kuwanikwa{10}}
Kushandiswa Kwechinyakare kushandiswa

1). Sezvinhu zvinoramba: Graphite uye zvigadzirwa zvayo zvine zvimiro zvekupisa tembiricha kuramba uye simba rakakura. Muindasitiri yemetallurgical, ivo vanonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira graphite crucibles. Mukugadzira simbi, graphite inowanzoshandiswa sechinhu chinodzivirira chesimbi ingots uye semukati wemukati wesimbi yesimbi.

2). Sechinhu chinoitisa: Inoshandiswa muindasitiri yemagetsi kugadzira maelectrodes, mabhurashi, kabhoni tsvimbo, kabhobhu machubhu, matanda akanaka emekiyuri anogadziridza, magirafu gaskets, nhare dzenhare, uye machira emachubhu emifananidzo yeterevhizheni, nezvimwe.

3) Sekupfekwa-kusingachinji mafuta ekuzora: Graphite inowanzoshandiswa semafuta muindasitiri yemuchina. Mafuta ekuzora kazhinji haakodzeri kushandiswa pasi pe-zvinomhanya,{4}}pamusoro petembiricha uye{5}}zvinepressure, ukuwo magirafu anopfeka-zvisingachinjiki zvinogona kushanda pasina mafuta ekuzora patembiricha inotangira pa200 kusvika 2000 madhigirii uye nekumhanya kwakanyanya. Midziyo mizhinji yekutakura zvinosvibisa midhiya inoshandisa zvakanyanya magirafu zvinhu kugadzira makapu episton, zvindori zvekuvharisa nemabhengi. Pavanoshanda, hapana mafuta ekuzora anoda kuwedzerwa. Graphite emulsion zvakare yakanaka lubricant kune akawanda simbi kugadzirisa (waya kudhirowa, pombi kudhonza) maitiro.

4) Graphite inoratidza yakanakisa kugadzikana kwemakemikari. Graphite iyo yakaitwa yakakosha kugadziridzwa ine hunhu hwakaita senge corrosion resistance, yakanaka yekupisa conductivity, uye yakaderera permeability. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzira kupisa kunopisa, matangi ekuita, macondensers, shongwe dzinopisa, shongwe dzekupinza, zvinotonhorera, zvinopisa, mafirita, uye midziyo yepombi. Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumaindasitiri akasiyana-siyana anosanganisira petrochemicals, hydrometallurgy, acid uye alkali production, synthetic fibers, papermaking, zvichingodaro, zvichichengetedza huwandu hwakakosha hwezvinhu zvesimbi. Mhando dzeasina{6}}porous graphite anosiyana mukusaora nekuda kwemarezeni akasiyana aainawo. Semuenzaniso, avo vakaiswa ne phenolic resin havagone kuasidhi asi kwete alkali; avo vakapinzwa nefurfuryl doro resin vanoshingirira kune ese acid uye alkali. Kupisa kwekupisa kwemarudzi akasiyana-siyana kunosiyanawo: kabhoni uye graphite inogona kumira kutonhora kwe2000 kusvika 3000 degrees Celsius mukuderedza mhepo, uye inotanga kuita oxidize pa 350 degrees Celsius uye 400 degrees Celsius zvakateerana mune oxidizing atmosphere; kusapisa kwemhando dzisiri dze{13}}dzisina porous graphite zvinoenderanawo nechinhu chinoitisa pamuviri, uye kazhinji, dziya dzakaiswa phenolic kana furfuryl alcohol hadziviri kupisa kuri pasi pe180 degrees Celsius.

5) . Sekukanda, kukanda jecha, kudzvanya mold uye yakakwirira-matembiricha esimbi yesimbi: Nekuda kwekudzikira kwekuwedzera kwemafuta egraphite uye kugona kwayo kushingirira kutonhora nekukurumidza nekushanduka kwekudziya, inogona kushandiswa seforoma yegiraziware. Mushure mekushandisa graphite, masimbi madema anogona kuburitsa zvikamu zvine zviyero zvakaringana, nzvimbo dzakatsetseka, goho rakawanda, uye rinogona kushandiswa zvakananga kana nekugadzirisa zvishoma, nekudaro kuchengetedza simbi yakawanda. Mukugadzirwa kwehupfu metallurgy maitiro akadai seakaomarara alloys, graphite zvinhu zvinowanzo shandiswa kugadzira mold uye porcelain mabhoti ekunyungudika. Monocrystalline silicon crystal growth crucibles, zone refining containers, support fixtures, induction heaters, etc. zvese zvinogadzirwa kubva pakakwirira-purity graphite. Pamusoro pezvo, magirafu anogonawo kushandiswa semarata ekuvharisa magirafu uye mabhesi ekunyungudusa vacuum, yakakwirira-machubhu ekushivirira tembiricha, rods, ndiro, magridi uye zvimwe zvinhu pakupisa kwakanyanya.

6) Yeindasitiri yesimba reatomu uye indasitiri yekudzivirira: Graphite ine yakanakisa neutron moderator zvivakwa uye inoshandiswa seneutron moderator mumaatomu reactor. Uranium-graphite reactor ndeimwe yemhando dzinonyanya kushandiswa dzeatomic reactor. Iyo moderator zvinhu zvemagetsi maatomu reactor anofanirwa kunge aine nzvimbo yakakwira yekunyungudika, kugadzikana, uye kusagadzikana kwekuora. Graphite inogona kuzadzisa zvizere izvi zvinodiwa. Kuchena kwegraphite inoshandiswa mumaatomu reactor kwakakwira zvakanyanya, iine tsvina isingadarike gumi nemaviri PPM. Kunyanya, iyo boron yemukati inofanirwa kuve isingasviki 0.5 PPM. Muindasitiri yedziviriro, graphite inoshandiswawo kugadzira mhuno dzemafuta akasimba-maroketi emafuta, mhino dzezvombo zvinokandwa, zvikamu zvemidziyo yekufambisa muchadenga, zvinodzivirira kupisa, uye zvinhu zvinodzivirira mwaranzi.

7) Graphite inogona zvakare kudzivirira boiler kuyera. Miedzo yakaitwa nemayuniti akakodzera yakaratidza kuti kuwedzera imwe chiyero che graphite poda (inenge 4-5 magiramu patani yemvura) kumvura kunogona kudzivirira kuyera pane bhaira pamusoro. Uyezve, graphite inogona kuiswa kuchimuni dzesimbi, matenga, mabhiriji, uye mapaipi kudzivirira kuita ngura uye ngura.
8) Graphite inogona kushandiswa sepenzura lead, pigment, uye polishing agent. Mushure mekugadziriswa kwakakosha, graphite inogona kushandiswa kugadzira akasiyana akakosha zvinhu zveakasiyana maindasitiri zvikamu.

Mumakore ekuma1960, mhangura yaishandiswa zvakanyanya sechinhu che electrode, ine mwero wekushandisa ungangoita 90%, nepo graphite yaitora chikamu chegumi chete%. Muzana remakore rechi21, vashandisi vakawanda vakatanga kusarudza graphite se electrode zvinhu. MuEurope, pamusoro pe90% yezvinhu zve electrode ndeye graphite. Iyi yaimbove yakatonga electrode zvinhu, mhangura, yakapotsa yarasikirwa nezvakanaka zvayo zvichienzaniswa negraphite electrode. Chii chakaparira iyi chinjo inoshamisa? Ehe, zvaive zvakanakira zvakawanda zvegraphite electrode.

1. Inokurumidza kugadzirisa kumhanya: Kazhinji kutaura, iyo mechanical processing speed ye graphite ndeye 2 kusvika ku5 nguva nokukurumidza kupfuura iyo yemhangura; nepo kumhanyisa kumhanya kwemagetsi kubuda machining kuri 2 kusvika 3 nguva nekukurumidza kupfuura mhangura. Nyaya yacho haigoni kukanganisa: Kubatsira kunonyanya kuoneka mukugadzirisa kwe electrode yakaonda; iyo yekunyorovesa poindi yemhangura yakatenderedza 1000 madhigirii, uye inokonzeresa deformation nekuda kwekupisa; iyo sublimation tembiricha yegraphite ndeye 3650 madhigirii; uye thermal yekuwedzera coefficient inongova 1/30 yemhangura.

2. Huremu hwakareruka: Kuwanda kwegraphite kunongova 1/5 chete yemhangura. Kana ma electrode akakura achiitwa discharge process, anogona kunyatso kudzikisa mutoro pamushini wemuchina (EDM); inonyanya kukodzera kushandiswa pamhando huru.

3. Kuderera kwesimba rekushandisa; Sezvo mafuta espark anewo maatomu ecarbon, panguva yekubuditsa machining, tembiricha yepamusoro inoita kuti maatomu ecarbon ari muspark oil aore, uye vanobva vagadzira firimu rinodzivirira pamusoro pegraphite electrode, kuripa kurasikirwa kwegraphite electrode.